Resistance--the true face of biological defiance

Understanding drug resistance to biologic therapy Resistance—the true face of biological defiance

Biological therapeutics are widely used in chronic inflammatory and malignant disease. The underlying mechanisms of treatment failure for these drugs are poorly understood. Resistance to these biological agents and the further subdivision into intrinsic and acquired resistance are not clearly defined. In this review, we explore the current understanding of the mechanisms of action of several bi...

The true cost of antimicrobial resistance.

Atrial Fibrillation: The Science behind Its Defiance

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent arrhythmia in the world, due both to its tenacious treatment resistance, and to the tremendous number of risk factors that set the stage for the atria to fibrillate. Cardiopulmonary, behavioral, and psychological risk factors generate electrical and structural alterations of the atria that promote reentry and wavebreak. These culminate in fibrillat...

aspirin resistance, true or false?

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Part IV Defiance in Groups